2021. 10. 7. 09:07ㆍ카테고리 없음
Vlad Tepes aka Vlad the Impaler
Vlad Tepes or 'Vlad the Impaler' as he is more famously known was an interesting figure in Eastern European history. Known for his cruelty the Turks called him Kaziglu Bey or 'The Impaler Prince' The following is a brief history of the man who was said to inspire the legend of Dracula.
Vlad III (early history of Vlad Tepes)
Strategy Changes Medieval 2: Total War has two options for development of each province. They can either have a city or a castle. This affects both the defense value on the tactical map, the building choices which affect the economy, the upgrade path for the province and the number of. Medieval 2: Total War Message Board. Our Medieval 2: Total War Trainer is now available and supports STEAM. Assassin Traits NaturalAssassinSkill 3 - +3 subterfuge. TOTAL WAR WIKI Battlefield Assassins (M2TW unit) Tracing their history to an obscure order of knights, these battlefield assassins are masters of stealth and death. Tracing their history to an obscure order of knights created to kill a Turkish Sultan, these battlefield assassins are masters of concealment.
And so do the French. +2 Piety, +1 Command, +2 Morale for all troops on the battlefield, +2 Command when fighting against English joanofarc Simon de Montfort - An outstanding field commander, known for championing the cause of an elected parliament, rather than a monarchy. +2 Chivalry, +2 Command, -1 Loyalty, +1 to popularity (improves public. Unofficial fan site for Medieval 2: Total War, dedicated to bringing you the latest news, guides, FAQ, campaigns, strategies, forums, discussions, information, scenarios, mods, patches,and downloads for the latest game in the Total War series.
Vlad III was most likely born in the fortress city of Sighisoara in Transylvania in 1431. His father, Vlad II had claimed the throne of Wallachia and was inducted into 'The Order of the Dragon'. The purpose of this order was to protect Eastern Europe and Holy Roman Empire from Islamic expansion which came in the form of the Ottomans. Vlad II soon became known as Vlad Dracul (Vlad the Dragon). Vlad Dracul was under increased pressure from the Turks and threatened with invasion he gave up his two youngest sons, Vlad III and Radu (later to be known a Radu, the Handsome) as hostages. Vlad suffered much and was locked away in an underground dungeon however Radu caught the eye of the Sultan's son, was released and converted to Islam. This was instrumental in shaping Vlad III's character. He grew up hating the Turks, his own brother Radu and even his father for betraying the Order of the Dragon and giving him up.
(Note from here on Vlad III will be referred to simply as Vlad)
Vlad's father was assassinated in 1447 by rebellious Boyars under the order of John Hunyadi. He was buried alive. Vlad's eldest brother Mircea was also dead at this point, having his eyes burnt out by hot stakes then buried alive by his political enemies at Targoviste. To protect their political power, the Ottomans placed Vlad upon the throne of Wallachia as a puppet ruler but Hunyadi invaded Wallachia and ousted him the same year. Vlad fled to Moldavia and was in the protection of his uncle, Bogdan II. Bogdan was assassinated and Vlad taking a gamble went to Hungary. Hunyadi was impressed by Vlad however mainly due to his hatred of the Ottoman sultan Mehmet II and his inner workings within the Ottoman Empire. Hunyadi pardoned him and supported him in his quest for the Wallachian throne (The Wallachian ruler at the time, Vladeslav II was loyal to the Turks). In 1456 Hungary invaded Serbia under Hunyadi whilst Vlad led a campaign to take back Wallachia. Both were successful although Hunyadi died of plague soon after. Vlad was now prince however of his native land.
Vlad's reign (1456 - 62)
The first years of his reign were spent mainly in the court of Targoviste or occasionally in Bucharest, a city which he himself founded. They were no different from any other Wallachian prince. He would appear publicly during religious festivals, draft in new laws and hunting game in his free time. He would soon begin eliminating possible threats to his power, mainly the rival Boyar nobility. This was mainly done through physical elimination but he also reduced the economic roles of the nobility and handed them over to those loyal to Vlad. He also knighted peasants in place of Boyars and stripped certain cities of trade rights. He also organised a series of raids against the Boyars. Another major threat was the fact that Wallachia was entering a stage of anarchy. Crime was widespread and many places were without law and order. Vlad used extreme methods to restore order as he needed an economically and socially stable environment if he was to wage war against his external foes.
One of Vlad's most noted foes was the Danesti clan. Vlad sent a series of raids into Transylvania to capture the Danesti princes. He killed several of them including Vladislav II of Wallachia, who was murdered soon after Vlad came to power. He also captured another prince and had him executed. It was at this time that rumours started to spread that he had impaled thousands of citizens from the town that sheltered the prince.
During the late 1450s Vlad began talking with Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary of a war against the Ottomans. In 1460 the alliance was made and Vlad stopped paying tribute to the Turks. During the winter of 1461 - 1462 Vlad crossed the Danube into Serbia and devastated the region leaving more than 20 000 people dead. In response sultan Mehmet II sent an army of 60 000 into Wallachia. Vlad's army was no more than 20 000, realising he could not win in battle he resorted to guerrilla warfare. He led a series of raids and ambushes on the Ottoman army including a bold assassination attempt on the sultan. As the Turks drew nearer he had wells poisoned and burnt his own villages. When the sultan reached the capital of Targoviste he saw a terrible sight. Remembered in history as 'the forest of the impaled' there were said to be around 20 000 Turkish prisoners impaled outside of the city. After seeing this, the sultan, not one known for his squeamishness returned to Istanbul and his officers too afraid to continue.
Although the sultan had fled Vlad's brother Radu, loyal to the sultan, remained in Wallachia with another Turkish army. Soon after many of Vlad's Boyars abandoned him and sided with Radu. They lay siege to his fortress at Poenari soon after. Vlad's wife was so frightened by the size of the Turkish army she threw herself from the upper tower but Vlad managed to escape through a secret tunnel. Vlad fled to Hungary seeking the protection of King Corvinus but instead of welcoming Vlad, the King threw him in a prison cell. Radu, the Handsome became Prince of Wallachia.
Vlad's later years
The exact period of time he was imprisoned is unknown but it was probably sometime between 1462 and 1466. His time in prison was not bad as he gradually managed to win over the Hungarian monarchy. He later married a member of the Royal family. During this time he adopted Catholicism. He was not finally released until 1474.
By 1475 Vlad was ready to make another bid for power. Radu had died a few years earlier of syphilis and the Ottoman, Basarab the elder now held claim to Wallachia. Vlad with the help of Voivode Stefan Bathory of Transylvania assembled a mixed force of Moldavians, Transylvanians and Wallachians and marched into Walachia. Basarab fled upon hearing of the invasion. Bathory and his army soon returned to Transylvania which left Vlad in a bad position. Vlad had little time to gather support before a large Turkish army entered Wallachia determined to return Basarab to the throne. Vlad's cruelties over the years left him alienated from the Boyars and they aided the Turks. Many of the Wallachian peasants also abandoned him to his fate. Vlad was forced to meet the Turks with a mere 4000 men.
There are several versions to his death. One saying he died in a battle near Bucharest against the Turks, another saying he was killed by his own Moldavian Boyars, whilst another claims he was killed by a Turkish assassin. There is another account of him falling in defeat surrounded by the bodies of his loyal Moldavian bodyguards. Vlad's body was then decapitated by the Turks and his head sent to Istanbul where it was preserved in honey and displayed on a stake. The truth is nobody knows for sure but it was widely thought his tomb was located inside a monastery outside of Bucharest but only the remains of animals were found inside his alleged coffin. In 1931 an attempt to find his body on the island monastery of Snagov went unrewarded. Still to this day the whereabouts of his remains continues to be a mystery.
The cruelty of Vlad Tepes
Vlad Tepes is best known outside of Romania for his cruelty and above all for his preferred method of torture, impalement. The victims' legs were bound as an oiled wooden stake was slowly driven into the body. Care was made so that the stake was not too sharp or the victim would die of shock. The stake was usually forced through the anus until it came out of the mouth but victims were also impaled upside down or through their chests. Soldiers, peasants, women and even babies were all impaled usually in large numbers and it is alleged that Vlad would often dine outside with his impaled victims close by ( many woodcuts of the era depict this ). One account tells of Vlad inviting 500 Boyars to his fortress only to arrest them, impale the older members then order the rest to build him a fortress. There is another account of Vlad impaling 30 000 merchants from the city of Brasov who broke his authority. The most famous example of impalement comes from the Turkish accounts of 'the forests of the impaled' mentioned previously. The impaled victims usually took hours, sometimes days to die and it was a slow, painful death that was designed to shock his enemies and spread fear into their minds. It clearly worked as many of his enemies were too afraid to oppose him directly even the great Ottoman sultan Mehmet II. During his reign he killed upwards of 70 000 many of which were impaled or tortured in various other ways including being boiled alive. Most of these people were his own countrymen, usually members of the Boyar nobility or merchants which he perceived to be parasites. An interesting inside into his psyche is the accounts of his time in prison where he was said to impale or rip of the heads of birds and rats. Although it is clear Vlad was a man whose cruelty to his enemies had no bounds, it must be pointed out that most of these accounts were most probably exaggerated by his enemies.
The legend of Dracula
It is often thought that Vlad Tepes was the inspiration for Bram Stoker's classic, Dracula and there are a few interesting notes to be made. He was born in present day Transylvania and the setting is similar to Stoker's novel. Today in modern Romanian 'dracul' means devil and Vlad's father was Vlad Dracul. This however is misleading because 'dracul' in medieval times also meant dragon and Vlad's father and he himself were sworn into the 'Order of the Dragon', an order of knights sworn to protect Eastern Europe and The Holy Roman Empire from Islamic expansion. As cruel as he was there is no evidence to suggest he drank the blood of his impaled enemies. There is mystery surrounding his death and burial and his father and eldest brother were in fact buried alive. It is most probable that the legend of Dracula was actually inspired by a woman, Erzsebet or Elizabeth Bathory. (Note a Stefan Bathory of Transylvania assisted Vlad in his later campaigns). She was a noble woman from Hungary who killed and drank the blood of her servant maids believing it would prolong her life. Perhaps Dracula is a combination of the two or perhaps the similarities are merely coincidental. It is also worth noting that during Stoker's time the Balkans they had only just shaken off the remnants of the Turkish yoke and were still very superstitious. Stories of Dracula were still passed down in oral legends and belief in vampires was still widespread.
The legacy of Vlad Tepes
Despite Vlad Tepes alienating himself from his people through his cruelty he is often seen as a Wallachian and in modern times, Romanian hero. He defied the Ottomans and achieved dramatic if somewhat short-lived success and unlike other Balkan vassal states of the Ottomans, Wallachia remained a separate Christian entity, never being totally swallowed by the Ottomans and Islam. As knight of the Order of the Dragon, he in theory achieved victory. Vlad also helped assert a kind of Romanian national identity and authority. In Romanian folklore Vlad Tepes is portrayed as a hero and as a saviour of the people. He defied and defeated the Turkish invaders and perhaps gave birth to Romanian nationalism and patriotism by allowing the Wallachian kingdom to survive as a separate entity. Maybe he is seen as the devil by some but to others he is a hero.
References
Hungary and the fall of Eastern Europe by David Nicolle
Various internet sources including wikipedia
In search of History: The real Dracula (History channel)
| Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms | |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | Creative Assembly Feral Interactive(OS X, Linux) |
| Publisher(s) | Sega Feral Interactive (OS X, Linux) |
| Designer(s) | William Davis Taamati Te Rata Richard Lagarto Dan Lehtonen Brendan Rogers Penny Sweetser Dan Toose Jason Turnbull |
| Composer(s) | Jeff van Dyck |
| Series | Total War |
| Platform(s) | Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux |
| Release | Microsoft Windows
|
| Genre(s) | Real-time tactics, Turn-based strategy |
| Mode(s) | Single-player, Multiplayer |
Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms is the expansion to the 2006 turn-based strategyPC gameMedieval II: Total War. It was developed by Creative Assembly. The expansion was released on 28 August 2007 in North America and has four new campaigns: the Americas during European colonization, the series of wars (including the Welsh Conquest, the Irish Invasion, the Scottish–Norwegian War, the Scottish War of Independence and the Barons' Rebellion) fought on British Isles during the 13th century, the Third and Fourth Crusades, and the Northern Crusades.
Campaigns[edit]
Kingdoms has four new campaigns, each one focusing on a different geographical area during a period of great change in its history. Non-playable factions are playable in a quick battle or a custom battle.
Americas campaign[edit]
Beginning in 1521, the Americas campaign depicts the early period of the Age of Navigation, during which the European powers sought new land through colonisation. The Spanish must struggle to explore an unknown land filled with violent natives, while the Indigenous peoples attempt to stall the Spanish invasion and simultaneously expand their lands at the expense of their neighbors.
List of factions[edit]
Medieval 2 Total War Wiki
- Chichimeca (unlockable)
- Tlaxcala (unlockable)
- Tarasca (unlockable)
- England (non-playable)
- France (non-playable)
Notable features[edit]
This campaign depicts various conquistador armies that travelled to the New World by spawning large, formidable armies in the Americas with allegiance to the Spanish. Once spawned, the Spain faction can use these armies however they see fit. French and English forces will show up in the same way: the French appear in Louisiana and the English in Honduras.
These conquistador forces consist of small numbers of expensive but powerful European units, their numbers often bolstered by local native mercenaries. The native factions have weaker units with little armor, but their extremely low upkeep allows vast numbers of them to be fielded and they generally possess high morale.
When the player progresses through the campaign playing as New Spain, the player will be presented with missions from the King of Spain, and when sufficient influence is gained, the player may be granted a higher title of nobility such as Baron, Count, etc. These titles unlock more advanced building levels for the player to use.
The Apachean Tribes faction has access to the 'warpath' ability, which is a shamanistic counterpart to the jihad in the main campaign. The Apache can also learn from the technologies of European factions—after battling a European faction such as New Spain, the Apache will be able to construct gun trading tipis and horse trainers, unlocking new, more technologically advanced units (such as cavalry and musketeers, which the faction initially lacks). The Chichimeca can also use enemy technology to their advantage.
All of the factions adhering to the 'Sun God' religion are able to sacrifice units instead of disbanding them. They can also sacrifice populations upon capturing a settlement or they can sacrifice captured enemy troops. Sacrificing upholds the religion of the Sun God and increases the happiness of the local populace.
Britannia campaign[edit]
At the beginning of the Britannia campaign in 1258, the British Isles are in chaos. The Kingdom of England exercises influence over most of the Isles, but its power is contested from several theatres. In the far west, on Irish soil, England tenuously holds a network of fortresses that keep the Irish at bay. However, the Gaelic chieftain Brian O'Neill has succeeded in rallying the Gaelic Irish, and despite their lack of heavy infantry, with a strong push they may seize the island. On the Marches, Prince Llywelyn ap Gruffudd of the Principality of Wales threatens the lightly held English border fortresses. In the north, the English are allied with the fierce Scots, but this bond is untenable, and the only remaining question is when war with the Scottish kingdom will erupt. Finally, the warlike Norwegians are returning to the Isles, having held the Isle of Man and the Hebrides for some time, their king coming personally to oversee the conquest of Britannia. England is the largest and richest faction in the isles, however they are very thinly spread, and incursions into their territories from the Welsh, Irish and even perhaps the Scots or Norwegians, seem inevitable unless action is taken. Perhaps worst of all, dissent smolders within its own borders, in the form of the Barons' Alliance, which threatens to unify into a full-fledged rebellion. Time will tell who can come through blood and iron to unite Britannia.
List of factions[edit]
- Rebel Barons (non-playable)
Notable features[edit]
The campaign map features the presence of permanent stone forts placed in strategic locations, which can be garrisoned and provide free upkeep for a small number of units. These structures can hold out for a brief time against sieges and are automatically repaired after each battle.
Certain units can only be trained if that faction's culture is high enough in a settlement, making expansion into conquered land more difficult. As all factions are Catholic, culture has replaced religion in the campaign and priest units are unavailable.
A special, unplayable faction—the Barons' Alliance—is similar in gameplay terms to the Eastern and Western Roman Rebels from Rome: Total War: Barbarian Invasion. When characters, armies and settlements under English control rebel, they will become part of the Baron's Alliance, a faction with essentially the same strengths and weaknesses of the English faction, including the ability to utilise diplomacy and agents to achieve their goals.
Every faction gets paid an additional amount of florins every turn. This payment is referred to as 'the King's Purse'. In Medieval II: Total War, some factions had a high king's purse payment and some had a low payment. Rather than having a fixed king's purse, each faction in the Britannia Campaign has a dynamic king's purse—the sum of money a faction is paid every turn can change.
A number of special historical figures, including KingEdward I, William Wallace, PrinceLlywelyn ap Gruffudd, High KingBrian O'Neill and KingHaakon IV of Norway, appear either at the start of the campaign or at some later point. Though they lack the special abilities of the hero characters from the Crusades campaign, they usually possesses unique traits and are accompanied by a large army.
If any of the starting Welsh settlements are captured by the English, Welsh insurgents rise up in an attempt to recapture the settlements. The quality of the units in the rebel army will depend on which settlement is captured—for example, the rebel army will be very strong if the starting Welsh capital—Caernarvon—is captured, and it is a weaker army if smaller Welsh settlements, such as Pembroke, are conquered. A notable historical inaccuracy in this respect is that Caernarvon, the Welsh capital, did not have a castle until 1283, despite the campaign beginning in 1258, and was no more than a minor town at the time. The actual capital of Wales in the period, Abergwyngregyn, is not represented in the game.
Crusades campaign[edit]
Beginning in 1174, the Crusades Campaign is set several years prior to the outbreak of the Third Crusade and continues into the Fourth Crusade and beyond. It follows the Kingdom of Jerusalem led by Richard the Lionheart and the Principality of Antioch led by Philip Augustus as they attempt to strengthen the presence of Christendom in the Holy Lands, whilst the Zengid Emirate led by Nur ad-Din Zangi and the Ayyubid Sultanate led by Saladin attempt to drive them out. Meanwhile, the Byzantine Empire led by Emperor Manuel Komnenos slowly moves into the Middle East to regain its lost glory, and attempts to drive back the armies of the Turks as well as deal with the rebels and the Venetians that harass them in the west.
List of factions[edit]
- Republic of Venice (non-playable)
- Mongol Empire (non-playable)
Notable features[edit]
Generals in the Crusades campaign have the ability to construct permanent forts that remain even after vacated by troops.
The Principality of Antioch and Kingdom of Jerusalem may make use of the Knights Hospitaller and Knights Templar, respectively, thus giving them access to unique units - of whom only one of each may be present on the campaign map at one time.
Each of the five playable factions owns a single region designated as a 'Power Centre', with the loss of these centres dealing a major blow to that faction. For example, the loss of a faction's Power Centre will prevent the recruitment of certain troop types. Should a Power Centre be lost, reinforcements will often be sent to assist in recapturing that settlement.
Medieval 2 Total War Mods
In addition, there are some events that can aid or hamper the player's faction. Namely, some of these are the Fourth Crusade (the arrival of two large Venetian armies near Constantinople, which can threaten the Byzantine player), the Mameluke rebellion of 1250 (when the Mamluk dynasty seized power in Egypt, giving the player a powerful Mamluk army under Baybars), the Mongol invasion of Asia (which can prove threatening to any player), and the rise of Osman I, which gives the Turks a reformed army called Janissaries.
Heroes[edit]
Each playable faction has access to a single 'Hero' character. These powerful individuals possess special abilities capable of turning the tide of battle.
| Faction | Hero | Ability |
|---|---|---|
| Kingdom of Jerusalem | King Richard | Heart of the Lion: Immediately rallies any routing units. |
| Ayyubid Sultanate | Saladin | Righteousness of Faith: Briefly sets all non-routing units' morale to full. |
| Zengid Emirate | Nur ad-Din Zangi | Light of the Faith: Briefly increases attack speed and morale of troops. |
| Byzantine Empire | Manuel Komnenos | Byzantine Politics: Causes infighting amongst an enemy unit, essentially removing them from play until order is restored or they are attacked. It can only be used once per battle. |
| Principality of Antioch | Philip Augustus | Flower of Chivalry: Briefly increases attack power and stamina of troops. |
Teutonic campaign[edit]
Starting from the year 1250 in the middle of the Northern Crusades, the Teutonic campaign centres around the conflict between Christianity—spearheaded by the State of the Teutonic Order—and Baltic Paganism—represented by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Teutonic order are ruthless and are a threat not only to the Pagans but to the other countries also. Novgorod lies in the far east of the Baltic area and guard their rich city jealously. They have triumphed over the Teutonic Order in the past, but since then the Order has been rapidly expanding. Novgorod must build up their forces if they want to survive. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania is desperate to drive off the Teutonic Order. If they want to be victorious, they must make use of their thick forests and quick forces to drive out the Order. However, after much pressure from many of the Catholic factions the path of Catholicism may be inevitable for Lithuania. Lying to the west, the Danes hope to unite Scandinavia and from there launch attacks on the rest of the Baltic area. However, the mighty Holy Roman Empire lies directly to their south, and the Danes must make good use of their mass fleets if they hope to defeat their many enemies. As the Teutonic Knights' campaign against the Lithuanians continue, the Kingdom of Poland just to their south, having originally requested the Knights to deal with Lithuania, regret their decision, seeing the destruction brought by the Knights. Wanting to right their wrong, they turn on the Teutonic Knights and wage war on them.
List of factions[edit]
- Holy Roman Empire (Unlockable)
- Kingdom of Poland (Unlockable)
- Kingdom of Norway (non-playable)
- Khanate of the Golden Horde (non-playable)
Notable features[edit]
Crusading nobles, drawn to the conflict against Paganism in search of fame and glory, will request the assistance of the Teutonic Order in return for donations to the Order's coffers. The size of the donation varies depending on the nobles' successes. The Lithuanian leader will be rewarded by his council of nobles in events should he manage to kill any of these crusaders.
When playing as Denmark, it is possible for the player to form the Union of Kalmar. In order to do this, the player must first take the Scandinavian settlements of Kalmar, Göteborg, Visby, Uppsala and Åbo. After taking control of these settlements, the player must then kill the Norwegian king, either through assassination or a direct battle. If the entire Norway faction is eliminated, it is impossible to form the union. After forming the union, Denmark will take on a new banner, gain access to all the existing settlements and armies of Norway, and unlock the ability to build three new units.
Early in the campaign, an event will herald the formation of the Hanseatic League. The League consists of five specific regions on the campaign map—Hamburg, Danzig, Visby, Riga and Novgorod—which represent the group's most important assets. The faction controlling the most of these settlements has the greatest chance[citation needed] to be offered the option of building the Hanseatic League Headquarters, a unique building that provides significant financial rewards.
Features of the Teutonic Order[edit]
Due to the unique nature of the Teutonic Order, it lacks a family tree, thus leaving princesses and certain diplomatic options closed to them but making the faction less vulnerable to assassins. Instead, it is led by a Hochmeister, who, upon death, will be replaced by the most able General among the Order's ranks.
Finally, the Order's best units can only be recruited in heavily Catholic areas. Recruiting units such as Christ Knights, Halbbrüder and Ritterbrüder thus requires an extremely high percentage of Catholics to be present in Teutonic-controlled regions.
The Teutonic Order's strength is in its powerful heavy units. While lacking in speed, and thus vulnerable to horse archers on the open field, the Order's units more than make up for it in very powerful defensive strength. They are particularly effective in assaulting settlements, where the close quarters nullify their opponents' advantage of mobility.
Features of Lithuania[edit]
Lithuania starts out as a Pagan faction, offering it the chance to utilise a number of powerful and unique units to make up for its technological shortcomings. There are a number of different building options in a settlement that allow the faction to devote temples to three different Pagan deities. However, whilst following Paganism, Lithuania is unable to advance settlements beyond City or Castle level.
At some point during the campaign, Lithuania will be presented with the option of converting to Christianity. Whilst this can cause significant unrest and will force the faction to remove any Pagan-specific buildings, units and agents, it will also unlock new building options and make Lithuania a less tempting target to the Christian factions that surround it.
Reception[edit]
| Reception | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||
The expansion pack received 'favorable' reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[1]Games for Windows: The Official Magazine gave it a score of eight out of ten.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ ab'Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms for PC Reviews'. Metacritic. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^Gillen, Kieron (31 August 2007). 'Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms'. Eurogamer. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^Bertz, Matt (November 2007). 'Medieval II Total War: Kingdoms'. Game Informer (175). Archived from the original on 13 February 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^Ocampo, Jason (7 September 2007). 'Medieval II: Total War Kingdoms Review'. GameSpot. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^Rausch, Allen (4 September 2007). 'GameSpy: Medieval II: Total War -- Kingdoms'. GameSpy. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^Butts, Steve (10 September 2007). 'Medieval II Total War: Kingdoms Review'. IGN. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ^'Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms'. PC Gamer: 69. December 2007.
- ^Molloy, Sean (October 2007). 'Medieval II: Total War -- Kingdoms'. Games for Windows: The Official Magazine. Ziff Davis Media (11): 66. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
External links[edit]
- Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms at MobyGames